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I believe the main diffence is the type of compressor oil used. I assume you ask because you can get R-134 at Auto Zone, but not R-12. IMO I wouldn't mix the two refridgerants.
I would not mix the two refrigerants as they compress different and you will not get a correct pressure and that will cause problems with cooling,could cause evaporator freeze up.
Oil. R12 systems use 500 viscosity mineral oil. R134A systems use PAG oil. The two are not compatible. If mineral oil is used with R134A, it will not mix with the refrigerant, and the compressor will starve for oil and seize.
When the time comes to get the A/C system running on our '74, we're thinking of just taking it to a shop to have the system charged and inspected, since we don't have the tools to fix it.
I'm assuming that any reputable shop should be able to replace it with R12 (assuming that's what's in the system), right? Or am I going to be stuck with replacing components of the system because R134a is the only thing that can be charged in an A/C system nowadays?