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I'll guess that head type may be referring to the type of piston top. Such as "dome", "dish" or "flat top". This would indicate the piston described has a somewhat tall dome and is likely designed for high compression. Not sure how to tell if it's open or closed chamber, but, the numbers look like a TRW product (big block perhaps?) so look it up in the Summit or Jegs online catalog or even on Federal-Moguls website and see if it gives you more info.
Yeah, dome would be your piston type, I assume. If you want info on your heads, find the casting number and post it. I know there are quite a few guys on the forum who can tell you what type of heads you have by the casting number.
I cant help you with open or closed chamber - it probably will work with either - the dome volume (the actual volumn of the dome from a 0 deck height?) would be a value I believe you subtract from the chamber volume. (thats a guess)
compression distance is the distance from the center of the wristpin bore to the top of the piston face (not top of dome). by adding compression distance , rod length and 1/2 of the stroke you should equal deck height from the centerline of the crank. This number is especially important in stroker motors not so much in factory stroke rebuilds.