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I've been told the M22, M21 and M20 can be differentiated by the numbers of rings machined into the front/input shaft. This may be an old wives tail but that's what I was told. Perhaps somebody can shed light on this one.
Per my reference, the 1970 vette was offered with either the M21 or M22 transmissions. The M21 was a no-cost option while the M22 was a $95 option.
If the trans is in the car then the stamping number is what you will want to look at, which will be on the rear of the case on the right side. It should be something like P0A01C which will decode as
P=Muncie
0=1970
A=January
01= first day of month
C=M22
If the trans is out of the car then look at the rings on the input shaft. For a M22 there should be none. (but no rings does not absolutely designate a M22 as sone replacement inputs had no rings. If there are rings then it is not a M22)
The best way is to pull the side cover and look at the gears. A M22 has much straighter cut gears than a M20 or M21.
Cam has it right with the codes on the side of the case. Format of the code is P1K28C or
P=Muncie HD 4 Speed
1= model year, i.e. 1971
K=Month of production, i.e.K=July
28=Day of month produced,i.e.28th
C=2.20:1 'Rock Crusher' M-22
67Heaven has it right also that these transmission 'whine' tremendously. Easy to tell by just driving whether its and M22 or an M20/M21. This transmission, although rare and hence desireable from a collector point of view, don't generally make a good transmission for driving around.