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it's a check valve, that attempts to hold the vacuum created in the system when you shut the engine off.
This check valves purpose is to make the system hold vacuum while the engine is running so all of your operated vacuum components work correctly at their setting. Because engine vacuum values change under different throttle angles...these components can go back to a "natural" setting if vacuum is lost. So..this check valve in conjunction with the vacuum storage tank in between your headlights holds the vacuum stored when the engine is not producing a high vacuum to keep it supplied. Because without this check valve...you are at the mercy of the engine providing vacuum...which can make the vacuum operated doors in your HVAC system to go back to the "natural state...and you wonder why you loose defroster at times...and then it comes back again....for example.
And YES...if your system is TIGHT and free from major leaks. You should be able to run your engine for a short while...turn your engine off...wait about one minute...and then go in and pull your headlight switch...and raise the headlights...OR... if you left your headlights on when you shut the engine off....wait... then turn off your headlights and the doors should go down.